Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Japan

This page is maintained by Akira Uchino, Satoshi Iwakami, Tohru Tominaga and Kazuyuki Itoh, in Japanese Herbicide Resistance Working Group of Weed Science Society of Japan (WSSJ).
Cite: Uchino, A., S. Iwakami, T. Tominaga and K. Itoh ( ) Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Japan. Online http://www.wssj.jp/~hr/

Summary of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Japan

　 Year Species Japanese Name Common Name Site of Action Prefecture Crops
1 1980 Conyza canadensis Himemukashi-yomogi Horseweed Bipyridiliums (D/22)  Osaka Orchards
2 1980 Erigeron philadelphicus Harugion Philadelphia Fleabane Bipyridiliums (D/22)  Saitama Mulberry
3 1982 Poa annua Suzumenokatabira Annual Bluegrass Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5) Kyoto Golfcourses
4 1986 Conyza sumatrensis Oh-arechinogiku Sumatran Fleabane Bipyridiliums (D/22)  Saitama Mulberry
5 1986 Youngia japonica Onitabirako Asiatic Hawksbeard Bipyridiliums (D/22)  Saitama Mulberry
6 1989 Conyza bonariensis Arechinogiku Hairy Fleabane Bipyridiliums (D/22)  Ibaraki Roadsides
7 1991 Gamochaeta pensylvanica Chichikogusamodoki Pennsylvania Everlasting Bipyridiliums (D/22)  Kanagawa Mulberry
8 1994 Monochoria korsakowii Mizuaoi 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Hokkaido Rice
9 1995 Lindernia dubia Taketo-azena Low False Pimpernel ALS inhibitors (B/2) Yamagata Rice
10 1996 Limnophila sessiliflora Kikumo Asian marshweed ALS inhibitors (B/2) Akita Rice
11 1996 Lindernia dubia var. major Amerika-azena Low False Pimpernel (major) ALS inhibitors (B/2) Miyagi Rice
12 1996 Lindernia micrantha Azetogarashi 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Yamagata Rice
13 1996 Lindernia procumbens Azena 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Yamagata Rice
14 1996 Schoenoplectus juncoides Inu-hotarui Rock Bulrush ALS inhibitors (B/2) Hokkaido Rice
15 1997 Elatine triandra var. pedicellata Mizohakobe 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Saitama Rice
16 1997 Rotala indica var. uliginosa Kikashigusa 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Akita Rice
17 1997 Sagittaria trifolia Omodaka Threeleaf arrowhead ALS inhibitors (B/2) Akita Rice
18 1998 Monochoria vaginalis Konagi Heartshape false pickerelweed ALS inhibitors (B/2) Ibaraki, Akita Rice
19 2000 Schoenoplectus wallichii Taiwan-yamai 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Miyagi Rice
20 2004 Ammannia coccinea Hosoba-himemisohagi Redstem ALS inhibitors (B/2) Ehime Rice
21 2004 Alopecurus aequalis Suzumenoteppo Shortawn Foxtail Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Microtubule inhibitors (K1/3)		 Fukuoka Wheat, Barley
22 2005 Alopecurus aequalis Suzumenoteppo Shortawn Foxtail Microtubule inhibitors (K1/3) Fukuoka,Saga Wheat, Barley
23 2006 Alopecurus aequalis Suzumenoteppo Shortawn Foxtail ALS inhibitors (B/2) Fukuoka Wheat
24 2006 Mazus pumilus Tokiwahaze Japanese mazus Bipyridiliums (D/22) Ohita Vegetable
25 2006 Sagittaria pygmaea Urikawa Dwarf Arrowhead ALS inhibitors (B/2) Yamagata, Aichi Rice
26 2007 Alisma canaliculatum Hera-omodaka 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Tochigi Rice
27 2007 Bacopa rotundifolia Uki-azena Disc waterhyssop ALS inhibitors (B/2) Kagoshima Rice
28 2007 Dopatrium junceum Abunome Dopatrium ALS inhibitors (B/2) Yamaguchi Rice
29 2007 Rotala pusilla Mizu-matsuba 　 ALS inhibitors (B/2) Yamaguchi Rice
30 2008 Eleocharis acicularis var. longiseta Matsubai Pine Needles Rush ALS inhibitors (B/2) Hokkaido Rice
31 2009 Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Hime-tainubie Taiwan barnyardgrass ACCase inhibitors (A/1) Okayama Rice
32 2010 Beckmannia syzigachne Kazunokogusa American sloughgrass Dinitroanilines and others (K1/3) Fukuoka, Saga Wheat, Barley
33 2010 Cyperus brevifolius Himekugu Shortleaf spikesedge ALS inhibitors (B/2) Kagawa, Saga, Shizuoka, Yamanashi Golfcourses
34 2010 Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli Inubie Barnyardgrass ACCase inhibitors (A/1) Okayama Rice
35 2010 Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Hime-tainubie Taiwan barnyardgrass Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
ACCase inhibitors (A/1)
ALS inhibitors (B/2)		 Okayama Rice
36 2011 Lolium multiflorum Nezumimugi Italian ryegrass Glycines (G/9) Shizuoka Paddy levees
37 2013 Eleusine indica Ohishiba Goosegrass Glycines (G/9) Okayama Paddy levees
38 2014 Conyza canadensis Himemukashi-yomogi Horseweed Glycines (G/9) Kyoto Railways
39 2014 Conyza sumatrensis Oh-arechinogiku Sumatran Fleabane Glycines (G/9) Gifu Paddy levees
Year: First Year Identified (the year that the seed or plant was collected for the confirmation experiment)
Site of Action: See "http://www.weedscience.org/"
Prefecture: Prefecture of First Case Identified
Crops: Crops of First Case Identified

Weeds resistant to Bipyridiliums (D/22)

  1. Erigeron philadelphicus
    [Japanese Name] Harujion / [English Common Name] Philadelphia Fleabane

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Saitama / [Crops] Mulberry / [Year] 1980 / [Herbicide] paraquat

    • References
      • Watanabe, Y., H. Toyokuni, K. Itoh and M. Miyahara (1981) [Paraquat Resistance in Erigeron philadelphicus L.] Weed Reseach, Japan 26 (Suppl.), 145-146 (in Japanese).

      • Watanabe, Y., H. Toyokuni, K. Itoh and M. Miyahara (1982) Paraquat Resistance in Erigeron philadelphicus L. Weed Reseach, Japan 27, 49-54.


  2. Conyza canadensis
    [Japanese Name] Himemukashi-yomogi [English Common Name] Horseweed

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Osaka [Crops] Orchards [Year] 1980 [Herbicide] paraquat

    • References
      • Kato, A and Y. Okuda (1983) [Praquat-resistant biotype of Erigeron canadensis L.] Weed Reseach, Japan 28, 54-56 (in Japanese).


  3. Conyza sumatrensis
    [Japanese Name] Oh-arechinogiku [English Common Name] Sumatran Fleabane

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Saitama [Crops] Mulberry [Year] 1986 [Herbicide] paraquat, diquat

    • References
      • Hanioka, Y. (1987) [Paraquat-Resistant Biotype of Erigeron sumatrensis RETZ. in Mulberry Fields in Saitama Prefecture.] Weed Reseach, Japan 32 (Suppl.), 139-140 (in Japanese).

      • Hanioka, Y. (1989) [Paraquat-Resistant Biotype of Erigeron sumatrensis RETZ. in Mulberry Fields in Saitama Prefecture.] Weed Reseach, Japan 34, 210-214 (in Japanese with English summary).


  4. Youngia japonica
    [Japanese Name] Onitabirako [English Common Name] Asiatic Hawksbeard

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Saitama [Crops] Mulberry [Year] 1986 [Herbicide] paraquat, diquat

    • References
      • Hanioka, Y. (1987) [Paraquat-Resistant Biotype of Youngia japonica (L.). DC. in Mulberry Fields in Saitama Prefecture.] Weed Reseach, Japan 32 (Suppl.), 137-138 (in Japanese).

      • Hanioka, Y. (1989) [Paraquat-Resistant Biotype of Youngia japonica (L.). DC. in Mulberry Fields in Saitama Prefecture.] Weed Reseach, Japan 34, 163-168 (in Japanese with English summary).


  5. Conyza bonariensis
    [Japanese Name] Arechinogiku [English Common Name] Hairy Fleabane

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Ibaraki [Crops] Roadsides [Year] 1989 [Herbicide] paraquat, diquat

    • References
      • (Personal communication with Dr. K. Itoh)


  6. Gamochaeta pensylvanica
    [Japanese Name] Chichikogusamodoki [English Common Name] Pennsylvania Everlasting

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Kanagawa [Crops] Mulberry [Year] 1991 [Herbicide] paraquat

    • References
      • Ohno, H. (1992) Knagawaken Sangyo Center Shiken Kenkyu Hokoku 21, 21-25. (in Japanese)


  7. Mazus pumilus
    [Japanese Name] Tokiwahaze [English Common Name] Japanese mazus

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Ohita [Crops] Vegetable [Year] 2006 [Herbicide] paraquat

    • References
      • Tsuji, K., M. Hosokawa, S. Morita, R. Miura and T. Tominaga (2013) [Antioxidant enzyme activities in paraquat-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Mazus pumilus .] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 55 (Suppl.), 148. (in Japanese)

      • Tsuji, K., M. Hosokawa, S. Morita, R. Miura and T. Tominaga (2013) Resistance to paraquat in Mazus pumilus . Weed Research53, 176-182.


Weeds resistant to Photosystem II inhibitors (C1/5)

  1. Poa annua
    [Japanese Name] Suzumenokatabira [English Common Name] Annual Bluegrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Kyoto [Crops] Golf courses [Year] 1982 [Herbicide] simazine

    • References
      • Kobayashi, H., H. Nakagawa and K. Ueki (1985) Weed Reseach, Japan 30 (Suppl.), 123-124 (in Japanese).

      • Kumata, S. K. Yoneyama, M. Ogasawara, Y. Takeuchi, M. Konnai, Y. Nakajima, T. Nakano and S. Yoshida (2001) Molecular Basis of Resistance to s-Triazine Herbicides in Poa annua L. and Its Photosynthetic Properties under Different Light Conditions. Journal of Pesticide Science 26, 236-243.


Weeds resistant to ALS inhibitors (B/2)

  1. Monochoria korsakowii
    [Japanese Name] Mizu-aoi [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Hokkaido [Crops] Rice [Year] 1994 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron

    • References
      • Kohara H., H. Yamasita and N. Yamazaki (1996) [Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides in Monochoria korsakowii Regel et Maack in Hokkaido.] Weed Reseach, Japan 41 (Suppl.), 236-237 (in Japanese).

      • Wang, G. -X., H. Kohara and K. Itoh (1997) Sulfonylurea resistance in a biotype of Monochoria korsakowii, an annual paddy weed in Japan. In Proc. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds ed. British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, pp. 311-318.

      • Wang, G-X., H. Watanabe, A. Uchino, J. Zhou and K. Itoh (2003) Inheritance of sulfonylurea resistance in a paddy weed, Monochoria korsakowii. Journal of Pesticide Science 28, 212-214.

      • Wang, G-X., H. Watanabe, A. Uchino, W. Li and K. Itoh (2003) Estimation of out-crossing rate in Monochoria korsakowii using the herbicide resistance trait as a marker. Journal of Pesticide Science 28, 429-430.


  2. Lindernia dubia
    [Japanese Name] Taketo-azena [English Common Name] Low False Pimpernel

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Yamagata [Crops] Rice [Year] 1995 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron

    • References
      • Uchino, A., K. Itoh and G. X. Wang (1997) [Resistant btotypes to sulfonylurea herbicides in Lindernia spp .] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 42 (Suppl.), 20-21 (in Japanese).

      • Uchino A., Itoh K., Wang G. -X. and Tachibana M. 2000. [Sulfonylurea resistant biotypes of Lindernia species in the Tohoku region and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 45, 13-20. (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Uchino, A., H. Watanabe, G-X. Wang and K. Itoh (1999) Light requirement in rapid diagnosis of sulfonylurea-resistant weeds of Lindernia spp. (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Technology 13, 680-684

      • Uchino, A. and H. Watanabe (2002) Mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Lindernia spp. Weed Biology and Management 2, 104-109.

      • Uchino, A. and Watanabe, H. (2007) Effects of pyruvate and sucrose on acetolactate synthase activity in Lindernia spp. and Schoenoplectus juncoides in an in vivo assay. Weed Biology and Management 7, 184-187.


  3. Lindernia dubia var. major
    [Japanese Name] Amerika-azena [English Common Name] Low False Pimpernel (major)

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Miyagi [Crops] Rice [Year] 1996 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Uchino, A., K. Itoh and G. X. Wang (1997) [Resistant btotypes to sulfonylurea herbicides in Lindernia spp .] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 42 (Suppl.), 20-21 (in Japanese).

      • Uchino A., Itoh K., Wang G. -X. and Tachibana M. 2000. [Sulfonylurea resistant biotypes of Lindernia species in the Tohoku region and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 45, 13-20. (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Uchino, A., H. Watanabe, G-X. Wang and K. Itoh (1999) Light requirement in rapid diagnosis of sulfonylurea-resistant weeds of Lindernia spp. (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Technology 13, 680-684

      • Uchino, A. and H. Watanabe (2002) Mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Lindernia spp. Weed Biology and Management 2, 104-109.

      • Uchino, A. and Watanabe, H. (2007) Effects of pyruvate and sucrose on acetolactate synthase activity in Lindernia spp. and Schoenoplectus juncoides in an in vivo assay. Weed Biology and Management 7, 184-187.


  4. Lindernia procumbens
    [Japanese Name] Azena [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Yamagata [Crops] Rice [Year] 1996 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Uchino, A., K. Itoh and G. X. Wang (1997) [Resistant btotypes to sulfonylurea herbicides in Lindernia spp .] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 42 (Suppl.), 20-21 (in Japanese).

      • Uchino A., Itoh K., Wang G. -X. and Tachibana M. 2000. [Sulfonylurea resistant biotypes of Lindernia species in the Tohoku region and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 45, 13-20. (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Uchino, A., H. Watanabe, G-X. Wang and K. Itoh (1999) Light requirement in rapid diagnosis of sulfonylurea-resistant weeds of Lindernia spp. (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Technology 13, 680-684

      • Uchino, A. and H. Watanabe (2002) Mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Lindernia spp. Weed Biology and Management 2, 104-109.

      • Uchino, A. and Watanabe, H. (2007) Effects of pyruvate and sucrose on acetolactate synthase activity in Lindernia spp. and Schoenoplectus juncoides in an in vivo assay. Weed Biology and Management 7, 184-187.


  5. Lindernia micrantha
    [Japanese Name] Azetogarashi [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Yamagata [Crops] Rice [Year] 1996 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron

    • References
      • Itoh, K, and G , X, Wang (1997) Occurrence of sulfonylurea-resistant Lindernia micrantha D. Don (Scrophulariaceae) in Japan. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 42 (Suppl.), 16-17 (in Japanese).

      • Itoh, K., G-X. Wang and S. Ohba (1999) Sulfonylurea resistance in Lindernia micrantha, an annual paddy weed in Japan. Weed Res. 39, 413-423.

      • Shibaike, H., K. Itoh and A. Uchino (1999) Genetic variation and relationships of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Lindernia micrantha. In: The 1999 Brighton Conference-Weeds-Proceedings Vol. 1, ed. The British Crop Protection Council, Brighton, pp. 197-202.

      • Uchino, A., H. Watanabe, G-X. Wang and K. Itoh (1999) Light requirement in rapid diagnosis of sulfonylurea-resistant weeds of Lindernia spp. (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Technology 13, 680-684

      • Uchino, A. and H. Watanabe (2002) Mutations in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Lindernia spp. Weed Biology and Management 2, 104-109.

      • Shibaike, H., A. Uchino and K. Itoh (2005) Molecular Characterization of Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitors in Lindernia micrantha: Origin and Expansion of Resistant Biotypes. In: ACS Symposium Series 899 Environmental Fate and Safety Management of Agrochemicals, edited by Clark J. M. and Ohkawa H., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p. 244-254.

      • Uchino, A. and Watanabe, H. (2007) Effects of pyruvate and sucrose on acetolactate synthase activity in Lindernia spp. and Schoenoplectus juncoides in an in vivo assay. Weed Biology and Management 7, 184-187.


  6. Limnophila sessiliflora
    [Japanese Name] Kikumo [English Common Name] Asian marshweed

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Akita [Crops] Rice [Year] 1996 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron

    • References
      • Wang, G. X., H. Watanabe , A. Uchino and K. Ito (1998) A biotype of Limnophila sessiliflora resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides . Weed Science and Technology 43 (Suppl.), 38-39. (in Japanese)

      • Wang, G-X., H. Watanabe, A. Uchino and K. Itoh (2000) Response of a sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant biotype of Limnophila sessiliflora to selected SU and alternative herbicides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 68, 59-66.

      • Lin, Y., G. -X. Wang, W. Li, and M. Ito (2004) Secondary structure prediction of acetolactate synthase protein in sulfonylurea herbicide resistant Limnophila sessiliflora. Journal of Pesticide Science 29, 1-5.


  7. Schoenoplectus juncoides
    [synonym] Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus T. Koyama [Japanese Name] Inu-hotarui [English Common Name] Rock Bulrush

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Hokkaido [Crops] Rice [Year] 1996 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, cyclosulfamuron

    • References
      • Kohara H., Konno K. and Takekawa M. (1998) [Occurrence of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Scirpus juncoides subsp. ohwianus inIwamizawa City, Hokkaido Prefecture.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 43 (Suppl.), 36-37 (in Japanese).

      • Kohara H., Konno K. and Takekawa M. 1999. [Occurrence of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus T. Koyama in paddy fields of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 44, 228-235 (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Tanaka, Y. (2003) Properties of acetolactate synthase from sulfonylurea-resistant Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus T. Koyama. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 77, 147-153.

      • Uchino, A., S. Ogata, H. Kohara, S. Yoshida, T. Yoshioka and H. Watanabe (2007) Molecular basis of diverse responses to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Schoenoplectus juncoides. Weed Biology and Management 7, 89-96.

      • Uchino, A. and Watanabe, H. (2007) Effects of pyruvate and sucrose on acetolactate synthase activity in Lindernia spp. and Schoenoplectus juncoides in an in vivo assay. Weed Biology and Management 7, 184-187.

      • Inagaki, H., Y. Ishida, A. Uchino, K. Kato, C. Kageyama, H. Iyozumi and H. Nukui (2008) Difference in ultraweak photon emissions between sulfonylurea-resistant and sulfonylurea-susceptible biotypes of Scirpus juncoides following the application of a sulfonylurea herbicide. Weed Biology and Management 8, 78-84.

      • Sada, Y., S. Kizawa and H. Ikeda (2012) Varied occurrence of diverse sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Schoenoplectus juncoides [Roxb.] Palla in Japan, as classified by an acetolactate synthase gene mutation. Weed Biology and Management 12, 168-176.

      • Imaizumi, T., Y. Kataoka, S. Ogata and A. Uchino, A (2013) Genetic diversity within and between sulfonylurea-resistant and susceptible populations of Schoenoplectus juncoides in Japan. Weed Research 53, 290-298

      • Sada, Y., H. Ikeda and S. Kizawa (2013) Rapid diagnosis of sulfonylurea-resistant Schoenoplectus juncoides [Roxb.] Palla using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragmentlength polymorphism and isogene-specific direct sequencing. Weed Biology and Management 13, 1-9.

      • Sada, Y., H. Ikeda and S. Kizawa (2013) Resistance levels of sulfonylurea-resistant Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla with various Pro197 mutations in acetolactate synthase to imazosulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl and imazaquin-ammonium. Weed Biology and Management 13, 53-61.

      • Sada, Y., H. Ikeda, S. Yamato and S. Kizawa (2013) Characterization of sulfonylurea-resistant Schoenoplectus juncoides having a target-site Asp (376) Glu mutation in the acetolactate synthase. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology107, 106-111.

      • Yamada, Y., T. Tominaga and T. Ohsako (2013) Microsatellite variability of sulfonylurea-resistant and susceptible populations of Schoenoplectus juncoides (Cyperaceae) in Kinki, Japan. Weed Research 53, 429-439.

      • Yamato, S., Y. Sada and H. Ikeda (2013) Characterization of acetolactate synthase from sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant Schoenoplectus juncoides. Weed Biology and Management 13, 104-113.

      • Sada, Y. and A. Uchino (2017) Biology and mechanisms of sulfonylurea resistance in Schoenoplectiella juncoides, a noxious sedge in the rice paddy fields of Japan. Weed Biology and Management 17, 125-135.


  8. Elatine triandra var. pedicellata
    [Japanese Name] Mizohakobe [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Saitama [Crops] Rice [Year] 1997 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Hata, K. K. Otuka, M. Aoki and H. Kuramothi (1998) [Occurrence of Elatine triandra Sckk., resistant to ssulfonylurea herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 43 (Suppl.), 28-29. (in Japanese).


  9. Rotala indica var. uliginosa
    [Japanese Name] Kikashigusa [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Akita [Crops] Rice [Year] 1997 [Herbicide] pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

    • References
      • Itoh, K., A. Uchino, H. Watanabe (1998) [A resistant biotype to sulfonylureas in Rotala indica (Wild.) Koehn, in Omagari, Akita Prefecture. ] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 43 (Suppl.), 40-41 (in Japanese).

      • Blancaver, M. E. A., K. Itoh and K. Usui (2001) Resistance of Rotala indica Koehne var. uliginos Koehne to sulfonylurea herbicides. Weed Biology and Management 1, 209-215.

      • Blancaver, M. E. A., K. Itoh and K. Usui (2002) Response of the sulfonylurea herbicides-resistant Rotala indica Koehne var. uliginos Koehne to bispyribac sodium and imazamox. Weed Biology and Management 2, 60-63.


  10. Sagittaria trifolia
    [Japanese Name] Omodaka [English Common Name] Threeleaf arrowhead

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Akita [Crops] Rice [Year] 1997 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Uchino, A. and H. Watanabe (2002) [Herbicide response to sulfonylureas and altemative herbicide in the biotypes of Sagittaria trifolia L. found at a paddy fields in Omagari, Akita, Japan.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 47 (Suppl.), 56-57 (in Japanese).

      • Iwakami, S., H. Watanabe, T. Miura, H. Matsumoto and A. Uchino (2014) Occurrence of sulfonylurea resistance in Sagittaria trifolia, a basal monocot species, based on target-site and non-target-site resistance. Weed Biology and Management 14, 43-49.


  11. Monochoria vaginalis
    [Japanese Name] Konagi [English Common Name] heartshape false pickerelweed

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Ibaraki, Akita [Crops] Rice [Year] 1998 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Koarai, A. (2000) Shokucho 34, 433-439. (in Japanese)

      • Koarai, A. and H. Morita (2002) [Sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Monochoria vaginalis in paddy fields of Akita and Ibaraki Prefectures, eastern Japan.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 47, 20-28 (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Wang, G. -X., Y. Li, W. Li, M. Ito and K. Itoh (2004) A mutation confers Monochoria vaginalis resistance to sulfonylureas that target acetolactate synthase.Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 80, 43-46.

      • Ohsako, T. and T. Tominaga (2007) Nucleotide substitutions in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Monochoria vaginalis (Pontederiaceae). Genes Genetic Systems 82, 207-215.

      • Inagaki, H., T. Imaizumi, G-X. Wang, T. Tominaga, K. Kato, H. Iyozumia and H. Nukuia (2009) Sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Monochoria vaginalis generate higher ultraweak photon emissions than the susceptible ones. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 95, 117-120.

      • Imaizumi, T., G. -X. Wang, T. Ohsako and T. Tominaga (2008) Genetic diversity of sulfonylurea-resistant and -susceptible Monochoria vaginalis populations in Japan. Weed Research 48, 187-196.

      • Imaizumi, T., G. -X. Wang, and T. Tominaga (2008) Inheritance of sulfonylurea resistance in Monochoria vaginalis . Weed Research 48, 448-454.


  12. Schoenoplectus wallichii
    [synonym] Scirpus wallichii
    [Japanese Name] Taiwan-yamai [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] MIyagi [Crops] Rice [Year] 2000 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Hashimoto, J., M. Miura, T. Muraoka, K. Hamamura and T.Takeshita (2001) [Diagnosis of sulfonylurea-resistance by influence to root of Scirpus juncoides. : Vol. 2 Illustrations in fields and possibility of application to other weeds.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 46 (Suppl.),18-19 (in Japanese).


  13. Ammannia coccinea
    [Japanese Name] Hosoba-himemisohagi [English Common Name] Redstem

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Ehime [Crops] Rice [Year] 2004 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Murai, M., H. Nishioka, H. Kodama (2006) Abstract of Kinki Zassou Kenkyukai (in Japanese).


  14. Alopecurus aequalis
    [Japanese Name] Suzumenoteppo [English Common Name] Shortawn Foxtail

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Fukuoka [Crops] Wheat, Barley [Year] 2004 [Herbicide] thifensulfuron-methyl, trifluralin (Resistant to multiple herbicides)

    • References
      • Uchikawa, O., M. Miyazaki, K. Tanaka, H. Ohdan (2005) [Occurrence of low sensitive biotype of some herbicides of water foxtail (alopecurus aequalis) in wheat fields in Fukuoka prefecture, and effects of some herbicides to its biotype.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 50(Suppl.), 68-69 (in Japanese).

      • Uchikawa, O., M. Miyazaki, K. Tanaka (2007) [Occurrence of resistant biotype water foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis) to some herbicides in wheat fields in Fukuoka prefecture, and the control method of its biotype.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52, 125-129 (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Hashim, S., A. Jan, Y. Sunohara, M. Hachinohe, H. Ohdan, H. Matsumoto (2012) Mutation of alpha-tubulin genes in trifluralin-resistant water foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis). Pest Management Science 68, 422-429.

      • Ohdan H., T.Sumiyoshi, A.Koarai (2014) [Occurrence of herbicide resistant biotypes of Alopecurus aequalis in northern Kyushu and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 59,157-166 (in Japanese with English summary).


  15. Alopecurus aequalis
    [Japanese Name] Suzumenoteppo [English Common Name] Shortawn Foxtail

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Fukuoka [Crops] Wheat [Year] 2006 [Herbicide] thifensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • Ohdan H., T.Sumiyoshi, A.Koarai (2014) [Occurrence of herbicide resistant biotypes of Alopecurus aequalis in northern Kyushu and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 59,157-166 (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Iwakami, S., Y.Shimono, Y.Manabe, M.Endo, H.Shibaike, A.Uchino and T.Tominaga (2017) Copy number variation in acetolactate synthase genes of thifensulfuron-methyl resistant Alopecurus aequalis (shortawn foxtail) accessions in Japan. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 254 (doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00254).


  16. Sagittaria pygmaea
    [Japanese Name] Urikawa [English Common Name] Dwarf Arrowhead

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Yamagata, Aichi [Crops] Rice [Year] 2006 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl

    • References
      • "Kataoka, Y., N. Nagata, T. Amagasa, M. Niki, K. Hiraiwa, A. Uchino and S. Nakayama (2008) [Dosage response to bensulfuron-methyl and mutations of the ALS gene in suspected sulfonylurea-resistant Sagitaria pygmaea Miq. accessions.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 53 (Suppl.), 14 (in Japanese)."

      • Kataoka, Y., S. Nakayama, A. Uchino, T. Imaizumi, N. Nagata, T.i Amagasa and T. Niki (2010) [Dose responses to bensulfuron-methyl and mutations of the acetolactate synthase gene in Sagittaria pygmaea biotypes collected in Yamagata and Aichi Prefecture.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 55, 254-257 (in Japanese).


  17. Alisma canaliculatum
    [Japanese Name] Hera-omodaka [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Tochigi [Crops] Rice [Year] 2007 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

    • References
      • Uchino A. and H. Itoh (2009) Kanto Zasso Kenkyukai Hou 20, 45(in Japanese).


  18. Bacopa rotundifolia
    [Japanese Name] Uki-azena [English Common Name] Disc waterhyssop

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Kagoshima [Crops] Rice [Year] 2007 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron

    • References
      • Ito, K., Imaizumi, T. and A. Uchino (2009) [Efficacy of various rice herbicides on sulfonylurea resistant Bacopa rotundifolia found in Kagoshima. 1. Response to sulfonylureas and alternative herbicids, resistant diagnosis and acetolactate synthase gene mutation in the resistant biotype.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 54 (Suppl.), 21 (in Japanese).

      • Sumiyoshi, T. (2013) [Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in disc waterhyssop (Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst.) with shoot-regeneration method.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 58, 10-13 (in Japanese).


  19. Dopatrium junceum
    [Japanese Name] Abunome [English Common Name] Dopatrium

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Yamaguchi [Crops] Rice [Year] 2007 [Herbicide] pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron

    • References
      • ltoh, K., A. Matsumoto, D. Sasayama, T. Azuma, A. Ikejiri and M. Hirata (2008) [Confirming of sulfonylurea resistant Rotala mexicana and Dopatorium junceum, annual paddy weeds in Yamaguchi prefecture.] Japanese Journal of Crop Science 77(Supple.2) 156-157 (in Japanese).


  20. Rotala pusilla
    [Japanese Name] Mizu-matsuba [English Common Name]

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Yamaguchi [Crops] Rice [Year] 2007 [Herbicide] pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron

    • References
      • ltoh, K., A. Matsumoto, D. Sasayama, T. Azuma, A. Ikejiri and M. Hirata (2008) [Confirming of sulfonylurea resistant Rotala mexicana and Dopatorium junceum, annual paddy weeds in Yamaguchi prefecture.] Japanese Journal of Crop Science 77(Supple.2) 156-157 (in Japanese).


  21. Eleocharis acicularis var. longiseta
    [Japanese Name] Matsubai [English Common Name] Pine Needles Rush

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Hokkaido [Crops] Rice [Year] 2008 [Herbicide] bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

    • References
      • Uchino A., T. Yanagawa and M. Miura (2009) Kanto Zasso Kenkyukai Shiryo (H26 Godo Kenkyukai), p46.


  22. Cyperus brevifolius
    [Japanese Name] Himekugu [English Common Name] shortleaf spikesedge

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Kagawa, Saga, Shizuoka, Yamanashi [Crops] Golfcourses [Year] 2010 [Herbicide] halosulfuron-methyl, flazasulfuron

    • References
      • Tsuchida, K., J. Okuno, M. Yokoyama, K. Nakamura and S. Nagae (2011) [Comparative sensitivity of Cyperus brevifolius populations to sulfonylurea herbicides.] Journal of Japan Society of Turfgrass Science 40(Suppl.), 2-3(in Japanese).

      • Okuno,J., S.Iwakami, A.Uchino, K.Tsuchida and M.Yokoyama (2015) [Response to halosulfuron-methyl and Flazasulfuron and mutation of acetolactate synthase gene ofCyperus brevifolius survived in turf grass on golf course.] Journal of Japan Society of Turfgrass Science 43, 159-162(in Japanese with English summary).


  23. Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis
    [Japanese Name] Hime-tainubie [English Common Name] Taiwan barnyardgrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Okayama [Crops] Rice [Year] 2010 [Herbicide] penoxsulam, cyhalofop-butyl (Resistant to multiple herbicides)

    • References
      • Iwakami, S., M.Hashimoto, K.Matsushima, H.Watanabe, K.Hamamura and A.Uchino(2015)Multiple-herbicide resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis, an allohexaploid weed species, in dry-seeded rice.Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology119,1-8.


Weeds resistant to Dinitroanilines and others (K1/3)

  1. Alopecurus aequalis
    [Japanese Name] Suzumenoteppo [English Common Name] Shortawn Foxtail

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Fukuoka [Crops] Wheat, Barley [Year] 2004 [Herbicide] thifensulfuron-methyl, trifluralin (Resistant to multiple herbicides)

    • References
      • Uchikawa, O., M. Miyazaki, K. Tanaka, H. Ohdan (2005) [Occurrence of low sensitive biotype of some herbicides of water foxtail (alopecurus aequalis) in wheat fields in Fukuoka prefecture, and effects of some herbicides to its biotype.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 50(Suppl.), 68-69 (in Japanese).

      • Uchikawa, O., M. Miyazaki, K. Tanaka (2007) [Occurrence of resistant biotype water foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis) to some herbicides in wheat fields in Fukuoka prefecture, and the control method of its biotype.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52, 125-129 (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Hashim, S., A. Jan, Y. Sunohara, M. Hachinohe, H. Ohdan, H. Matsumoto (2012) Mutation of alpha-tubulin genes in trifluralin-resistant water foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis). Pest Management Science 68, 422-429.

      • "Ohdan H., T.Sumiyoshi, A.Koarai (2014) [Occurrence of herbicide resistant biotypes of Alopecurus aequalis in northern Kyushu and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 59,157-166 (in Japanese with English summary). "


  2. Alopecurus aequalis
    [Japanese Name] Suzumenoteppo [English Common Name] Shortawn Foxtail

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Fukuoka, Saga [Crops] Wheat, Barley [Year] 2005 [Herbicide] trifluralin

    • References
      • "Ohdan H., T.Sumiyoshi, A.Koarai (2014) [Occurrence of herbicide resistant biotypes of Alopecurus aequalis in northern Kyushu and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 59,157-166 (in Japanese with English summary). "


  3. Beckmannia syzigachne
    [Japanese Name] Kazunokogusa [English Common Name] American sloughgrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Fukuoka, Saga [Crops] Wheat, Barley [Year] 2010 [Herbicide] trifluralin

    • References
      • Ohdan, H., T. Sumiyoshi and A. Koarai (2010) [Identification of dinitroaniline resistance biotypes of Beckmannia syzigachne.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 56 (Suppl.), 28 (in Japanese).


Weeds resistant to ACCase inhibitors (A/1)

  1. Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis
    [Japanese Name] Hime-tainubie [English Common Name] Taiwan barnyardgrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Okayama [Crops] Rice [Year] 2009 [Herbicide] cyhalofop-butyl

    • References
      • Nasu, H. and K. Yoshinaga (2011) [Ocurence of Cyhalofop-butyl resistant Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis in direct seeding rice fields.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 56 (Suppl.), 12 (in Japanese).

      • Iwakami, S., M.Hashimoto, K.Matsushima, H.Watanabe, K.Hamamura and A.Uchino(2015)Multiple-herbicide resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis, an allohexaploid weed species, in dry-seeded rice.Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology119,1-8.


  2. Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli
    [Japanese Name] Inubie [English Common Name] Barnyardgrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Okayama [Crops] Rice [Year] 2010 [Herbicide] cyhalofop-butyl

    • References
      • Hirayama, S., H. Nasu and K. Itoh (2012) [Distribution of resistance to cyhalofop-butyl in Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli andE. crus-galli var. formosensis under dry seeded rice fields, Okayama city, Japan.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 57 (Suppl.), 127 (in Japanese).


  3. Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis
    [Japanese Name] Hime-tainubie [English Common Name] Taiwan barnyardgrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Okayama [Crops] Rice [Year] 2010 [Herbicide] penoxsulam, cyhalofop-butyl (Resistant to multiple herbicides)

    • References
      • Iwakami, S., M.Hashimoto, K.Matsushima, H.Watanabe, K.Hamamura and A.Uchino(2015)Multiple-herbicide resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis, an allohexaploid weed species, in dry-seeded rice.Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology119,1-8.


Weeds resistant to Glycines (G/9)

  1. Lolium multiflorum
    [Japanese Name] Nezumimugi [English Common Name] Italian ryegrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Shizuoka [Crops] Paddy levees [Year] 2011 [Herbicide] Glyphosate

    • References
      • Niinomi, Y., M. Ikeda, M. Yamashita, Y. Ishida, M. Asai, Y. Shimono, T. Tominaga and H. Sawada (2013) Glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on rice paddy levees in Japan. Weed Biology and Management 13, 31-38.


  2. Eleusine indica
    [Japanese Name] Ohishiba [English Common Name] Goosegrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Okayama [Crops] Paddy levees [Year] 2013 [Herbicide] Glyphosate

    • References
      • Nagai, E., S.Teramoto,Y.Shimono,T.Tominaga(2015)[Mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in goosegrass and horseweed in Japan.]The 54th WSSJ Annual Meeting Abstracts,44 (in Japanese).


  3. Conyza canadensis
    [Japanese Name] Himemukashi-yomogi [English Common Name] Horseweed

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Kyoto [Crops] Railways [Year] 2014 [Herbicide] Glyphosate

    • References
      • Nagai, E., S.Teramoto,Y.Shimono,T.Tominaga(2015)[Mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in goosegrass and horseweed in Japan.]The 54th WSSJ Annual Meeting Abstracts,44 (in Japanese).


  4. Conyza sumatrensis
    [Japanese Name] Oh-arechinogiku [English Common Name] Sumatran Fleabane

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Gifu [Crops] Paddy levees [Year] 2014 [Herbicide] Glyphosate

    • References
      • Kurata, K., E.Nagai, Y.Shimono, S.Iwakami, T.Tominaga(2017)[Glyphosate resistant weeds in Japan and their mechanism. ]The 56th WSSJ Annual Meeting Abstracts,60 (in Japanese).


Weeds resistant to Multiple Herbicides

  1. Alopecurus aequalis
    [Japanese Name] Suzumenoteppo [English Common Name] Shortawn Foxtail

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Fukuoka [Crops] Wheat, Barley [Year] 2004 [Herbicide] thifensulfuron-methyl, trifluralin (Resistant to multiple herbicides)

    • References
      • Uchikawa, O., M. Miyazaki, K. Tanaka, H. Ohdan (2005) [Occurrence of low sensitive biotype of some herbicides of water foxtail (alopecurus aequalis) in wheat fields in Fukuoka prefecture, and effects of some herbicides to its biotype.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 50(Suppl.), 68-69 (in Japanese).

      • Uchikawa, O., M. Miyazaki, K. Tanaka (2007) [Occurrence of resistant biotype water foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis) to some herbicides in wheat fields in Fukuoka prefecture, and the control method of its biotype.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52, 125-129 (in Japanese with English summary).

      • Hashim, S., A. Jan, Y. Sunohara, M. Hachinohe, H. Ohdan, H. Matsumoto (2012) Mutation of alpha-tubulin genes in trifluralin-resistant water foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis). Pest Management Science 68, 422-429.

      • Ohdan H., T.Sumiyoshi, A.Koarai (2014) [Occurrence of herbicide resistant biotypes of Alopecurus aequalis in northern Kyushu and their response to several herbicides.] Journal of Weed Science and Technology 59,157-166 (in Japanese with English summary).


  2. Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis
    [Japanese Name] Hime-tainubie [English Common Name] Taiwan barnyardgrass

    • First Identification
      [Prefecture] Okayama [Crops] Rice [Year] 2010 [Herbicide] penoxsulam, cyhalofop-butyl (Resistant to multiple herbicides)

    • References
      • Iwakami, S., M.Hashimoto, K.Matsushima, H.Watanabe, K.Hamamura and A.Uchino(2015)Multiple-herbicide resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis, an allohexaploid weed species, in dry-seeded rice.Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology119,1-8.


Acknowledgment: We are very grateful to Dr. Ian Heap, Director of the International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds, for his help in the preparation of this page. We are also thankful for Dr. Yasuhiro Yogo for his help in the survey of resistant weeds.